
Early years
Steve Jobs was born in
San Francisco,
California[3] to an American woman and a
Syrian man—Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah John Jandali, a graduate student who later became a political science professor.
[4] One week after birth, Jobs was put up for
adoption by his unmarried mother, who was also in graduate school. He was adopted by Paul and Clara (
née Hagopian) Jobs of
Mountain View,
Santa Clara County,
California.
[5] They gave him the name Steven Paul Jobs. His
biological parents later married and gave birth to Jobs' sister, the novelist
Mona Simpson, whom Jobs did not meet until they were adults. The marriage of his biological parents ended in divorce years later. Jobs dislikes hearing the "adoptive parents" appellation applied to Paul and Clara Jobs and refers to them as his only parents.
Jobs attended
Cupertino Middle School and
Homestead High School in
Cupertino, California,
[6] and frequented after-school lectures at the
Hewlett-Packard Company in
Palo Alto, California. He was soon hired there and worked with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.
[7] In 1972, Jobs graduated from high school and enrolled in
Reed College in
Portland,
Oregon, but he
dropped out after only one semester.
[8] When speaking at the
Stanford University graduation ceremony in 2005, Jobs ironically said to the new college graduates that, after dropping out, he remained at Reed auditing classes, including one in
calligraphy. "If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts," he said.
[9]In the autumn of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the
Homebrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak.
[10] He took a job as a technician at
Atari, a manufacturer of popular
video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to
India. During this time, it was discovered that a slightly modified toy whistle included in every box of
Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal was able to reproduce the
2600 Hz supervision tone used by the
AT&T long distance telephone system. Jobs and Wozniak went into business briefly in 1974 to build "
blue boxes" that allowed free long distance calls.
Jobs then backpacked around
India with a Reed College friend (and, later, first Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of philosophical enlightenment. He came back with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing. He returned to his previous job at Atari, and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game
Breakout. According to Atari Founder
Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered $100 for each chip that was reduced in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design, and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.
[11][
edit]
Beginnings of Apple Computer
The original Apple logo featuring
Isaac Newton under the fabled apple tree, designed by cofounder Ron Wayne.
See also:
History of Apple ComputerWhen the then twenty-one-year-old Jobs saw a computer that Wozniak had designed for his own use, he convinced Wozniak to assist him and started a company to market the computer. Apple Computer Co. was founded as a partnership on
April 1,
1976. Though their initial plan was to sell just printed circuit boards, Jobs and Wozniak ended up creating a batch of completely assembled computers, and entered the personal computer business. The first
personal computer Jobs and Wozniak introduced was called the
Apple I. It sold for $666.66 (in reference to the phone number of Wozniak's
Dial-a-joke).[
citation needed] Its successor, the
Apple II, was introduced the following year and became a huge success, turning Apple into an important player in the nascent personal computer industry. In May of 1980, Apple Computer released the
Apple III, which met with less than stellar success, but in December of that year, with a successful
IPO, Apple Computer became a
publicly traded corporation, further boosting Jobs' stature.
As Apple continued to grow, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion. In 1983, Jobs lured
John Sculley away from
Pepsi-Cola, to serve as Apple's CEO, challenging him, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want to change the world?" That same year, Apple also released the technologically advanced but commercially unsuccessful
Lisa.
[12]January 24,
1984 saw the introduction of the
Macintosh, the first commercially successful computer with a graphical user interface influenced by
Xerox PARC. This product was introduced with one of the most famous Super Bowl commercials that played off the book 1984. The development of the Mac was started by
Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over lock, stock, and pirate flag, by Jobs. The success of the
Macintosh product line eventually led Apple to abandon the
Apple II. However the
Macintosh never really lived up to the hype and its initial success.
Even though he was the founder and the inspiration behind the original company, Steve Jobs was gradually pushed out of Apple Computer Co. for his aggressive and underhand tactics.
[
edit]
Exile and founding of NeXT
Jobs founded
NeXT Computer shortly after leaving Apple.
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic evangelist for Apple, some of his employees from that time have described him as an erratic and tempestuous manager. In 1985, following an internal power struggle, Jobs was stripped of his duties by the board of directors. Jobs resigned in protest, but remained the chairman of Apple Computer for some time. He was upset at being sidelined in the company he had founded and sold all but one of his shares in Apple.
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded another computer company,
NeXT Computer. Like Apple's Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was never able to break into the mainstream mainly owing to its high cost. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its
object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the
Mach kernel, the
DSP chip, and the built-in
Ethernet port).
The NeXT Cube was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve a lot of the problems that "personal" computing had come up against. Jobs had been criticized for not including built-in networking features on the original Macintosh (calling it an "umbilical cord to the company"), and he was determined not to repeat the mistake. During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system,
NeXTMail, as an example of his "interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail.
Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced such things as the NeXT Cube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development in 1993 with the release of
NeXTSTEP/Intel. During this time, NeXT and
Sun Microsystems started working on the
OpenStep specification, which would lead to the next release of NeXTSTEP called OPENSTEP, and later on also a
Solaris port of the environment.
NeXT technology played a large role in catalyzing two unrelated events:
The World Wide Web.
Tim Berners-Lee developed the original
World Wide Web system at
CERN on a
NeXT workstation. Jobs' insistence that average people should be able to write custom "mission-critical" applications formed the basis of
Interface Builder, which Berners-Lee utilized to do just that — write a program entitled "WorldWideWeb 1.0".
The Return of Apple Computer. Apple's reliance on ancient software and internal mismanagement, particularly its inability to release a major operating system upgrade, had brought it near bankruptcy in the early-to-mid 1990s. Jobs' progressive stance on
Unix underpinnings was considered overly ambitious and somewhat backward in the 1980s, but his choice ultimately became an expandable, solid foundation for an operating system. Apple would later acquire this software and, under Jobs' leadership, experience a renaissance.
NeXT's technologies also helped the advancement of technologies such as
object-oriented programming,
Display PostScript, and
magneto-optical devices.
[
edit]
Return to Apple
In 1998, Jobs introduced the
iMac in an attempt to bring Apple back into profitability.
See also:
“1998 to 2005: New beginnings” in Apple ComputerIn 1996, Apple bought
NeXT for $402 million, bringing Jobs back to the company he founded.
[12] In 1997 he became Apple's interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO
Gil Amelio in a
boardroom coup. In March of 1998, in order to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs immediately terminated a number of projects such as
Newton,
Cyberdog, and
OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Steve's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims is enough to terrorize a whole company."
[13] This practice became known as "getting Steved."
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, notably
NeXTSTEP, which evolved into
Mac OS X. Under Jobs' guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the
iMac. Since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. Being Apple's interim CEO along with the introduction of the iMac led Jobs to use the title iCEO.
In recent years, the company has branched out. With the introduction of the
iPod portable music player,
iTunes digital music software and the
iTunes Music Store, the company is making forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminds his employees that "real artists ship,"
[1] by which he means that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and killer design.
Jobs worked at Apple for several years with an annual salary of $1, and this earned him a listing in
Guinness World Records as the "Lowest Paid Chief Executive Officer". At the 2000 keynote speech of
Macworld Expo in San Francisco, the company dropped the "interim" from his title. His current salary at Apple officially remains $1 per year, although he has traditionally been the recipient of a number of lucrative "executive gifts" from the board, including a
$90 million jet in 1999, and just under 30 million shares of restricted stock in 2000-2002. As such, Jobs is well compensated for his efforts at Apple despite the nominal one-dollar salary. This effectively reduces his tax liability, because under current U.S. tax law, salary income is taxed at a top rate of 35%, whereas capital gains tax, which applies to stock grants, maxes out at 15% for profits derived from long-term capital gains. Obtaining remuneration through stock instead of income is a common tax minimization strategy for many upper-echelon U.S. executives.
Jobs is both admired and criticized for his consummate skills of persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "
reality distortion field" and is particularly evident during his
keynote speeches at
Macworld Expos. The "RDF" is an encapsulating term, also referring to Apple's sometimes non-competitive market pricing, the overly expensive
Power Mac G4 Cube being a case in point, or making decisions contrary to the desires of the marketplace, such as the elimination of
Macintosh clones. One oft-cited example of a poor business decision is Apple's marketing efforts in the 1980s, which, while excellent from a technical standpoint, were alienating to corporate buyers. Corporate buyers consequently turned to IBM, resulting in a precipitous drop in market share.
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for
e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. When asked by a representative of a socially responsible investment fund why Apple's programs lagged behind Dell's and HP's, Jobs wound up his critic by calling the advocates' complaints "bullshit." However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The
Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the keynote speaker. The banner read "Steve - Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste." In 2006 he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.
[14]And on August 5, 2006, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that "Shares of Apple Computer Inc. fell nearly 2 percent Friday over fears that a widening stock-options probe might ensnare chief executive Steve Jobs."
[
edit]
Pixar and Disney
Pixar is best known for its
Toy Story,
Monsters Inc.,
Finding Nemo and
The Incredibles animation films.
In 1986, Steve Jobs bought
Lucasfilm's computer graphics division from
George Lucas for $10 million and named the new
computer animation studio
Pixar.
[15] The new company, which was originally based in
Point Richmond, California but has since relocated to
Emeryville, California, contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute.
The first film produced by the partnership,
Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten years, under Pixar's creative chief
John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits
A Bug's Life (1998),
Toy Story 2 (1999),
Monsters, Inc. (2001),
Finding Nemo (2003), and
The Incredibles (2004). Both Finding Nemo and The Incredibles received the
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive
Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired. Personal animosity between the two executives was largely blamed for the companies' failure to renew their partnership.
In October 2005,
Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On
January 24,
2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became
The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7 percent of the company's stock.
[16] Jobs' holding in Disney will far outpace those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and Disney Director Emeritus
Roy E. Disney, who holds about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner included the soured Pixar relationship and accelerated his ousting. A Disney press release
[17] stated that Jobs would join its Board of Directors upon completion of the deal.
Wikinews has news related to:
Disney buys PixarJobs will also help oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six-man
steering committee. One of their first decisions was to discontinue the production of so-called "cheapquels" (cheap direct-to-video sequels). Many also expect Jobs to become a valuable advisor to Iger and Disney on technology matters. Pixar's latest film,
Cars, was released
June 9,
2006.
[
edit]
Managerial style
Much has been made of Steve Jobs’s aggressive and demanding personality. Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in
Mike Moritz’s
The Little Kingdom, one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; Jeffrey S. Young’s unauthorized
Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward; the aforementioned The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon.
In iCon: Steve Jobs the authors point out that Paul Jobs, his father by adoption, was also known for his aggressive side: "Paul was soon hired as a kind of strongarm man by a finance company that sought help collecting on auto loans—an early repo man. Both his bulk and his aggressive personality were well suited to this somewhat dangerous pursuit, and his mechanical bent enabled him to pick the locks of the cars he had to repossess and
hot-wire them if necessary."
In the documentary
Triumph of the Nerds, the reaction to Jobs' famous firing from Apple Computer by CEO John Sculley and the Apple Board of Directors was talked about by various people:
Chris Espinosa: "The grandiose plans of what Macintosh was gonna be was just so far out of whack with the truth of what the product was doing. And the truth of what the product was doing was not horrible, it was salvageable. But the gap between the two was just so unthinkable that somebody had to do something, and that somebody was John Sculley."
John Sculley: "The board had to make a choice and I said look, it's Steve's company, I was brought in here to help. If you want him to run it, that's fine by me. But we gotta at least decide what we're gonna do and everybody's got to get behind it ... and ultimately after the board talked with Steve and talked with me, the decision was that we would go forward with my plans and Steve left."
Steve Jobs: "What can I say? I hired the wrong guy. He destroyed everything I spent 10 years working for; starting with me, but that wasn't the saddest part. I would have gladly left Apple if Apple would have turned out like I wanted it to."
Larry Tesler: "People in the company had very mixed feelings about it, everyone had been terrorized by Steve Jobs at some point or another, and so there was a certain relief that the terrorist would be gone. And on the other hand I think there was incredible respect for Steve Jobs by the very same people, and we were all very worried what would happen to this company without the visionary, without the founder, without the charisma."
Andy Hertzfeld: "He took it as a personal attack, started attacking Sculley, in which, you know, backed himself into a corner. Because he was sure that the board would support him and not Sculley ... Apple never recovered from losing Steve; Steve was the heart and soul and driving force; it would be quite a different place today; they lost their soul."
In Apple’s early days, wishing to surround himself with people of a similar mindset, Jobs would often ask job applicants about their sexual histories and how many times they had taken LSD.
[18][
edit]
Personal life
Steve Jobs speaking at
Stanford University in 2005.
Jobs married
Laurene Powell, nine years his junior, on
March 18,
1991 and has had three children with her.
[5] He also had a daughter named
Lisa Brennan-Jobs with Chrisann Brennan, whom he did not marry.
In the unauthorized
biography,
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated
Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of
Bob Dylan."
In the unauthorized biography,
iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children. Baez included a mention of Jobs in the acknowledgements of her 1987 memoir
And A Voice To Sing With.
Jobs is not a
vegetarian or
vegan as is often claimed. Although he does not eat mammalian meat, he reportedly eats fish from time to time. This is known as
pescetarianism.
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in
The San Remo, an apartment building with a politically progressive reputation, where Princess
Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of
Rita Hayworth, also had an apartment. With the help of
I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 frontman
Bono. Jobs had never moved in.
In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000 square foot, 14 bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by
George Washington Smith in
Woodside, California, also known as
Jackling House. Although Jobs lived in the mansion for ten years, reportedly in an almost unfurnished state, and let
Bill Clinton use it in 1998 while his daughter was studying at nearby
Stanford University, the mansion was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. Planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property, he met complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition of the property. Litigation has been ongoing since September of 2005.
[19]In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by
John Wiley & Sons from the
Apple retail stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.
In an interview in the book
What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, Steve Jobs talks about how taking
LSD was "one of the two or three most important things he has done in his life".
[
edit]
Health concerns
In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a malignant
tumor in his
pancreas.
[20] The prognosis for
pancreatic cancer is usually very grim; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell
neuroendocrine tumor.
[20] On July 31, 2004, Jobs successfully underwent surgery to remove the tumor, which did not require
chemotherapy or
radiation therapy.
[20] During his absence,
Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.
[20]In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual
Worldwide Developers Conference. His “thin, almost gaunt” appearance and unusually “listless” delivery,
[21][22] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about his health.
[23] According to an
Ars Technica journal report, WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he “looked fine.”
[24]Following the Keynote an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."
[25][
edit]
In popular culture
Jobs was prominently featured in two films about the history of the personal computing industry.
In the
anime Eureka 7 there are two members of Gekko State called Jobs and Woz, both engineers/software specialists. Their names are homages to Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak.
Pirates of Silicon Valley — a
1999 docudrama which chronicles the rise of
Apple Computer and
Microsoft.
Triumph of the Nerds— a
1996 three-part
documentary for
PBS, about the rise of the
home computer/
personal computer.
Nerds 2.0.1— a
1998 three-part
documentary for
PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the
Internet.
[
edit]
Notes
^ Billionaires list - Steven Jobs, Forbes.com
^ http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html^ Excerpts from an Oral History Interview with Steve Jobs, Founder, NeXT Computer. Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories.
Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on
2006-
03-25.
^ Behrendt, Andy, "
Apple Computer mogul's roots tied to Green Bay", Green Bay Press-Gazette,
2005-
12-05. Retrieved on
2006-
04-19.
^
a b Smith, David, "
The non-stop revolutionary",
Guardian Unlimited,
2006-
01-29. Retrieved on
2006-
03-31.
^ Cringely, Robert X., "
Steve Jobs – Apple Computer, Pixar", Inc.: America's 25 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs, April 2004. Retrieved on
2006-
05-18.
^ Biography: Steve Jobs. The Apple Museum. Retrieved on
2006-
05-18.
^ Campbell, Duncan, "
The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs",
Guardian Unlimited,
2004-
06-08. Retrieved on
2006-
03-31.
^ "
'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says", Stanford Report,
2005-
06-14. Retrieved on
2006-
03-31.
^ Seyfer, Jessie, "
New can-do club wants to build better cell phone", The Mercury News,
2006-
05-10. Retrieved on
2006-
05-18.
^ Letters - General Questions Answered, Woz.org
^
a b^ The once and future Steve Jobs^ http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1952356,00.asp^ Wolf, Gary, February 1996.
Steve Jobs: The Next Insanely Great Thing, Wired.com
^ January 25,
2006 Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn, rediff.com
^ http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2006/2006_0124_pixar.html^ Hertzfeld, Andy. "
Gobble, Gobble, Gobble", Folklore.org.
^ Friends of the Jackling House^
a b c d Evangelista, Benny, "
Apple’s Jobs has cancerous tumor removed", San Francisco Chronicle, 2004-08-02, p. A1. Retrieved on
2006-
08-09.
^ “Looking very thin, almost gaunt”: Kahney, Leander.
Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic?. Cult of Mac. Wired News. Retrieved on
2006-
08-08.
^ “they were uninspired (and concerned) by Jobs' relatively listless delivery”: Meyers, Michelle, "
Jobs speech wasn’t very Jobs-like", BLOGMA, CNET News.com. Retrieved on
2006-
08-08.
^ Saracevic, Al, "
Where's Jobs' Mojo?", San Francisco Chronicle, 2006-08-09, p. C1. Retrieved on
2006-
08-09.
^ Cheng, Jacqui.
What happened to The Steve we know and love?. Infinite Loop. Ars Technica. Retrieved on
2006-
08-08.
^ Mac Rumors: Steve Jobs in Good Health. Infinite Loop. MacRumors.com. Retrieved on
2006-
08-08.
[
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References
Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co..
ISBN --.
Cringely, Robert X (1996).
Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness.
ISBN 0-887-308554.
Denning, Peter J. & Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). A Conversation with Steve Jobs.
Comm. ACM. Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 437-443.
Deutschman, Alan (2001).
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway.
ISBN 0-767-904338.
Freiberger, Paul & Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer.
McGraw-Hill Trade.
ISBN 0-071-358927.
Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley.
O'Reilly Books.
ISBN 0-596-007191.
Kahney, Leander (2004).
The Cult of Mac.
No Starch Press.
ISBN 1-886-411832.
Levy, Steven (1984).
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press,
Doubleday.
ISBN 0-385-191952.
Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything.
Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-670-852449.
Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press.
ISBN 1-854-106384.
Bantam Doubleday Dell.
ISBN 0-385-486847.
Markoff, John (2005).
What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry.
ISBN 0-670-033820.
Simon, William L. & Young, Jeffrey S. (2005).
iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business.
John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 0-471-720836.
Semkiw, Walter (2003). Return of the Revolutionaries. Hampton Roads Publishing Company.
ISBN 1-57174-342-1.
Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books.
ISBN 0-689-121350.
Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon.
MIT Press.
ISBN --. Chapter 28
Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co..
ISBN --.
[
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External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Steve JobsWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Steve JobsSteve Jobs' Executive Profile at AppleAll about Steve extensive & short biographies, pictures, movies & interviews of or related to Steve Jobs.
Anecdotes from Steve Jobs' early days in Apple as reported by
Andy Hertzfeld.
Creating Jobs: Apple's Founder Goes Home Again The New York Times Magazine, Sunday
January 12,
1997.
Steve Paul Jobs by Lee AngelelliText of Jobs' commencement address at Stanford University, June 12, 2005.
Interviews
Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview (PDF) —
April 20,
1995Rolling Stone, Steve Jobs: The Rolling Stone Interview -
December 3,
2003BusinessWeek, The Seed of Apple's Innovation —
October 12,
2004Fortune, How Big Can Apple Get? —
February 21,
2005Pictures
Official Steve Jobs press release imageSteve Jobs magazine cover pictures from 1982 to present daySteve Jobs' Keynote at Apple Expo Paris,
September 16,
2003